Larger companiesCash at closing

    What reaches your bank when you sell? From the price in the letter to the wire

    What comes off before closing day, in the order it happens, and what may come later.

    Selling
    9 min read

    Figures: Market Pulse through Q2 2026SRS Acquiom, deals closed 2019 to 2024Read November 12, 2026

    Legend Atty
    Legend Atty · Founder, BridgeBook
    Published

    How is the price paid?

    The short answer: the price in the letter isn't the wire. In IBBA and M&A Source's survey for the second quarter of 2026, sales priced $5,000,000 to $50,000,000 paid 83%[1] in cash at closing. The rest came later or as shares. Debt, any working capital short of the agreed target and money held back for claims then come off the cash.

    Paid in cash at closing
    83%[1]Sales priced $5,000,000 to $50,000,000, Q2 2026
    Deals with money held back
    89%[2]An escrow or holdback, 2024 deals
    Median held back
    10.0%[2]Of deal value, without insurance, 2024 deals

    That survey asks advisors how the price of each closed sale was paid. In the $5,000,000 to $50,000,000 group, sellers took 6% as a note from the buyer, 7% as an earnout and 4% as shares they kept[1]. Those are averages across many sales. Your letter will have its own split.

    The rest of this page walks the cash part down to the wire. If you have a letter in hand, the offer to cash calculator does the same walk with your figures.

    What does cash-free, debt-free mean?

    You keep the cash, pay off the debt at closing and leave a normal level of working capital behind.

    So the price is for the whole business, before debt and cash. Your bank loan, the line of credit and any equipment notes are paid from the price on closing day. The cash in the company's accounts stays yours, often swept out just before closing.

    Ask your lender for a payoff letter early. It names the exact amount due on the closing date, and the buyer's lawyers will want it before they wire anything.

    How does working capital change the check?

    It moves the price up or down after closing. Working capital is the money tied up in running the business day to day: what customers owe you, plus inventory, minus the bills you owe. You and the buyer agree on a normal amount the business hands over at closing. That agreed amount is the peg, or the target.

    Hand over less than the target and the price goes down by the gap. Hand over more and it goes up. In SRS Acquiom's deals closed 2019 to 2024, more than 90%[2] of private deals had a price adjustment like this.

    In the deals SRS Acquiom tracked from 2020 to the third quarter of 2025, the final number went the buyer's way in 51%. It went the seller's way in 38%[3]. The median claim for the buyer was 0.27% of deal value. That's small next to the money held back for claims.

    The bigger risk is the peg itself, set in the letter of intent. Here's how the working capital peg is set.

    How much is held back, and for how long?

    Usually a slice of the price, for a year or more. Escrow is money held back after closing to cover claims. In SRS Acquiom's 2024 deals, 89%[2] had at least one escrow or holdback.

    How much depends on one choice: whether the buyer buys reps and warranties insurance. That's a policy that pays the buyer if a written promise you made turns out wrong. Without it, the median escrow for claims was 10.0% of deal value, in deals that had one. With it, the median was 0.35%[2].

    The buyer had a median 12 months to bring general claims in those 2024 deals[2]. In SRS Acquiom's deals of $50,000,000 or less, the median was 15 months[4]. What's left in escrow is paid to you when that window closes.

    Read the cap on claims beside the escrow. In 55% of SRS Acquiom's 2024 deals with an escrow, the cap equaled the escrow[2]. Then the money held back is the most a general claim can cost you.

    What about earnouts and kept shares?

    Both are parts of the price that don't arrive on closing day. An earnout is part of the price, paid later only if targets are met. In SRS Acquiom's deals closed in 2025, 29%[5] of those paying $50,000,000 or less at closing had one. It's paid on results you may no longer control, so count it as possible money, not money in hand. How much of an earnout gets paid.

    Rollover equity is part of your price kept as shares in the new company. Those shares are paid when that company is sold again, at whatever it's worth then. A fund buyer often asks for some. How rollover equity works.

    How does a $24,000,000 offer reach the wire?

    A made-up example: a buyer offers $24,000,000, cash-free and debt-free. The company owes $2,000,000, and the company hands over $120,000 less working capital than the agreed target (the peg). The price is paid in the survey's split, and the escrow is the median without insurance.

    Exhibit 1

    A made-up $24,000,000 offer, walked to the wire

    A made-up offer walked from the price in the letter to the cash at closing
    LineAmountWhere the figure comes from
    Offer price$24,000,000Made-up example
    Debt paid off at closing-$2,000,000Made-up example
    Working capital against the target-$120,000Made-up example: less working capital than the agreed target (the peg)
    Held back for claims-$2,400,00010.0% of the price, the SRS Acquiom median without insurance
    Earnout-$1,680,0007% of the price, the Market Pulse split
    Seller note-$1,440,0006% of the price, the Market Pulse split
    Shares you keep-$960,0004% of the price, the Market Pulse split
    Your costs$0Left at $0: type your own in the calculator
    Cash at closing$15,400,000What reaches your account

    Source: IBBA and M&A Source, Second quarter of 2026[1]; SRS Acquiom, Deals closed 2019 to 2024[2]. Made-up example. Each line uses the median or survey figure named beside it.

    So $15,400,000 of the $24,000,000 reaches the account on closing day, about 64%. Another $6,480,000 could come later. That's the escrow if no claims use it, the note over time, the earnout if it's earned, and the shares at a later sale.

    Put your own letter's terms in the offer to cash calculator. It uses the same arithmetic as this table.

    What else comes off besides the success fee?

    Your attorney's and accountant's bills. Our fee is a success fee set for each business, paid only at closing, with no retainer or upfront fee, in writing before you sign.

    Your attorney reads and negotiates the purchase agreement. Your CPA prepares the closing figures and plans the taxes. Some sellers also pay for their own quality of earnings report, an accountant's test of their profit, before going to market. Ask each for a written estimate early, so the closing statement holds no surprises.

    What will taxes take?

    It depends on how the sale is built. A stock sale and an asset sale are taxed differently, and so is each part of the price. The seller proceeds calculator estimates federal and state tax once you know the cash. Your CPA should check every line before you sign.

    What we'd look at first in your letter

    With a letter in hand, a dedicated advisor reads it from the bottom up: from the wire back to the price. Four things come first.

    1. How the working capital target (the peg) is set, and which months it averages.
    2. How much is held back, for how long, and whether the cap on claims equals it.
    3. What the earnout is measured on, and who controls the results it depends on.
    4. Whether part of the price is a note or shares, and what stands behind each.

    Questions about cash at closing

    How much of the sale price do I get at closing?

    Less than the headline. In IBBA's Q2 2026 survey, sales priced $5,000,000 to $50,000,000 paid 83% in cash at closing, before debt, any working capital gap and escrow came off.

    What does cash-free, debt-free mean?

    You keep the company's cash, pay off its debt at closing, and leave a normal level of working capital behind.

    What is the working capital peg?

    Working capital is what customers owe you, plus inventory, minus the bills you owe. The peg is the amount of working capital you and the buyer agree the business hands over at closing. Come in under it and the price goes down by the gap. Come in over it and the price goes up.

    How much is held in escrow?

    In SRS Acquiom's 2024 deals, a median 10.0% of the deal without reps and warranties insurance, 0.35% with it.

    How long until the escrow is released?

    The buyer's window for general claims was a median 12 months in SRS Acquiom's 2024 deals, and 15 months in its deals of $50,000,000 or less.

    Where these numbers come from

    1. IBBA and M&A Source, Market Pulse Q2 2026 Highlights. Second quarter of 2026. Read November 12, 2026.
    2. SRS Acquiom, 2025 M&A Deal Terms Study. Deals closed 2019 to 2024. Read November 12, 2026.
    3. SRS Acquiom, 2026 M&A Working Capital Purchase Price Adjustment Study. More than 1,570 deals closed 2020 to the third quarter of 2025. Read November 12, 2026.
    4. SRS Acquiom, M&A Insights newsletter, July 14, 2026. Deals closed 2020 to 2025. Read November 12, 2026.
    5. SRS Acquiom, 2026 M&A Deal Terms Special Report: Lower Middle-Market Deals. Deals closed through 2025. Read November 12, 2026.

    Outside figures are other publishers', named and dated, and they don't feed our calculator. How we use outside figures

    One important decision. Two good places to start.

    Start from your own price

    The valuation asks what your company does, its sales and its profit. Then it asks your name, email and cell phone, and shows a range, not one number.

    Your exit credit comes off our success fee at closing and grows with your yearly sales: $5,000 under $5,000,000 in sales ($2,500 for your valuation report, plus $2,500 for your advisor call or for starting your listing), up to $50,000 at $100,000,000 or more.

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